Describe the purpose and importance of anaesthetic patient monitoring in ensuring patient safety, maintaining homeostasis, and detecting physiological derangements early during anaesthesia. Identify and explain standard monitoring modalities used during anaesthesia, including: Pulse oximetry Electrocardiography (ECG) Non-invasive blood pressure monitoring Temperature monitoring Capnography Interpret basic monitoring parameters and normal values such as oxygen saturation, blood pressure, temperature, ECG findings, and end-tidal carbon dioxide levels. Discuss advanced monitoring techniques and their indications, including: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) Invasive blood pressure monitoring Central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring Neuromuscular blockade monitoring Depth of anaesthesia monitoring Recognize the indications, advantages, limitations, and complications associated with invasive monitoring methods during anaesthesia. Understand methods of assessing neuromuscular blockade and depth of anaesthesia, including Train-of-Four (TOF), peripheral nerve stimulation, EEG, and Bispectral Index (BIS) monitoring. Explain the role of laboratory investigations in perioperative monitoring, including: Blood gas analysis Electrolyte and glucose monitoring Viscoelastic testing (TEG and ROTEM) Apply monitoring principles to improve perioperative patient outcomes through early detection of complications and timely clinical intervention.